Ambientes y hábitos alimentarios: Un estudio cualitativo sobre cambios producidos durante la pandemia por Covid-19 en estudiantes universitarios

RESUMEN La pandemia por Covid-19 ha generado diversos cambios en la rutina diaria de las personas a nivel mundial, repercutiendo en los ambientes alimentarios habituales y hábitos relacionados. En los estudiantes universitarios, el cambio en los ambientes alimentarios ha impactado fuertemente debido al cierre de las casas de estudio. Sin embargo, existe escasa información en el país, acerca de las consecuencias que dicha modificación ha provocado. El objetivo fue explorar cómo han cambiado los ambientes y hábitos alimentarios de universitarios, debido a la pandemia por Covid-19. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de tipo cualitativo. Los participantes fueron estudiantes pertenecientes a una facultad de una universidad pública de Chile. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas semiestructuradas en modalidad online. La narrativa de las entrevistas se analizó a través de un análisis temático, con un enfoque inductivo. Los resultados muestran dos temas principales: I) Compra y acceso a alimentos, en donde no se visualizaron grandes cambios en el ambiente de abastecimiento, pero si en los ambientes alimentarios de restauración y vía pública; II) Transición desde el ambiente alimentario institucional al doméstico, situación que modificó los hábitos alimentarios en la mayoría de los estudiantes, quienes declararon consumir preparaciones más caseras, además de percibir mayor tiempo disponible al momento de consumir alimentos, en comparación a aquel dado en contexto universitario pre pandémico. Se requiere reflexionar acerca de cómo los aspectos positivos en los ambientes y hábitos alimentarios pudieran favorecerse en una vuelta a la presencialidad en el ambiente académico.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has generated various changes in the daily routine of people worldwide, affecting the usual food environments and related habits. Among university students, the change in food environments has had a strong impact due to the closure of university campuses. However, there is little information in the country about the consequences that this modification has caused. The study aim was to explore how the environments and eating habits of university students changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Participants correspond to students of a public university in Chile. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted online. Interview narratives were analyzed through a thematic analysis, using an inductive approach. The results show two main themes: I) Purchase and access to food, where great changes were not seen in the supply environment, but in the food environments of restaurants and public roads; II) Transition from the institutional food environment to the domestic environment, a situation that modified the eating habits of most of the students, who declared consuming more homemade preparations, in addition to perceiving more time available at the time of consuming food, compared to that given in context pre-pandemic college. It is necessary to reflect on how the positive aspects in the environments and eating habits could be favored in a return to the presence in the academic environment.

Prevención no farmacológica de las exacerbaciones en la EPOC: efecto antiinflamatorio de la actividad física / Non-pharmacological prevention of exacerbations in COPD: anti-inflammatory effect of physical activity

The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the chronic respiratory condition most prevalent in adults, caused mainly by smoking. Its burden is progressively increasing and, according to the World Health Organization, is one of the main causes of mortality and disability around the world. Patients with COPD present acute worsening of the disease, defined as acute exacerbations, which are the main cause of hospitalizations and deaths. Therefore, it is crucial to identify effective interventions focused in their prevention. Patients with COPD present dyspnoea and intolerance to exercise responsible for a progressive reduction in the level of physical activity, which is an independent risk factor for future exacerbations and mortality. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that COPD patients with low level of physical activity present higher marker levels of systemic inflammation. Interventions able to increase the level of physical activity in COPD patients have demonstrated positive effects in quality of life and a few clinical trials suggest that improving physical activity is able to prevent exacerbations. We hypothesize that these effects could be explained by changes in systemic inflammation secondary to an increase of physical activity. (AU)

Artritis reumatoide y riesgo cardiovascular / Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular risk

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most frequent cause of premature death according to data from the American Heart Association and World Health Organization. Incidence and prevalence are on the rise. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease. It is a chronic and systemic disease characterized by articular involvement with deformity ranging from persistent pain to premature disability. CVD is the most frequent cause of death in RA patients, even more than in diabetes mellitus 2 or chronic kidney disease. Multiple CVD risk scales have been tested in order to obtain a more accurate prediction of premature death by stroke or myocardial infarction in RA patients. Most of the scales, even those adjusted including RA features like inflammation and antibodies titles, have failed to properly predict the real CVD risk. Individually, RA specific autoantibodies have been related with increased CVD risk and multiple mechanistic explanations have arisen, generating even a new concept called "Autoimmune Atheromatosis". Nevertheless, this association fails to give a full understanding of the accelerated and aggressive atheromatosis process that RA patients develop. New studies oriented to mechanistic explanations are necessary in order to develop new diagnostic targets and prevention strategies. (AU)

Colesterolosis vesicular: algunos aspectos de su fisiopatología / Vesicular cholesterolosis: some aspects of its pathophysiology

Gallbladder cholesterolosis is a nosological clinical entity where the central element is the deposit of lipids in immune cells that reside under the gallbladder epithelium. The mechanisms involved in its development are not entirely clear, but they seem to have some resemblances that are observed in the wall of the arteries with atherosclerosis. The lipid-laden cells observed in the gallbladder wall appear to share many of the characteristics of atherosclerosis foam cells, which by means of scavenger receptors have endocited oxidized low-density lipoproteins and accumulate them in their cytoplasm. Foam cells, in themselves, are not dangerous, but in atherosclerosis at least they can become a problem when they are located in vessels and specific anatomic sites. The role they may have in the gallbladder is not known to date. We will review some considerations that seem relevant to us to elucidate if these entities share the same protagonist: macrophages transformed by modified lipids. (AU)

Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la colitis ulcerativa en población adulta / Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of adult patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Objetivo: desarrollar una guía de práctica clínica que permita orientar el diagnóstico de los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa mediante el uso adecuado de criterios clínicos y direccionar la conducta terapéutica en las diferentes etapas de la enfermedad y en los diferentes niveles de atención. Materiales y métodos: esta guía fue desarrollada por un equipo multidisciplinario con apoyo de la Asociación Colombiana de Gastroenterología, el Grupo Cochrane ITS y el Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se desarrollaron preguntas clínicas relevantes a la entidad y se realizó la búsqueda de guías nacionales e internacionales en bases de datos especializadas. Las guías existentes fueron evaluadas en términos de calidad y aplicabilidad; una de las guías cumplió con los criterios de adaptación y el grupo decidió actualizar la búsqueda, desarrollando de novo las preguntas adicionales contempladas. El Grupo Cochrane realizó la búsqueda sistemática de la literatura. Las tablas de evidencia y recomendaciones fueron realizadas usando la metodología GRADE. Resultados: se desarrolló una guía de práctica clínica, basada en la evidencia, para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la colitis ulcerativa en adultos en Colombia. Conclusiones: se estableció la importancia para el diagnóstico de la evaluación clínica, endoscópica e histológica y se especificaron las indicaciones para el adecuado tratamiento de los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa, de acuerdo con su severidad y estado de remisión.

Objective: To provide an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the diagnostic and treatment of ulcerative colitis for patients, caregivers, administrative, and government bodies at all levels of care in Colombia. Materials and Methods: This guide was developed by a multidisciplinary team with the support of the Colombian Association of Gastroenterology, Cochrane STI Group and Clinical Research Institute of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Relevant clinical questions were developed and the search for national and international guidelines in databases was performed. Existing guidelines were evaluated for quality and applicability. One of the guidelines met the criteria for adaptation, so the group decided to update the search and develop de novo the additional questions. Systematic literature searches were conducted. The tables of evidence and recommendations were made based on the GRADE methodology. Results: An evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis was developed for the Colombian context. Conclusions: The opportune management of ulcerative colitis would have an impact of the disease in Colombia.

Intracranial variables in propofol or sevoflurane-anesthestized dogs subjected to subarachnoid administration of iohexol / Variáveis intracranianas em cães anestesiados com propofol ou sevofluorano e submetidos à administração subaracnóidea de iohexol

The effects of subarachnoid administration of iohexol on intracranial hemodynamic in dogs anesthetized with propofol or sevoflurane were evaluated. Thirty adult animals (10.9±2.9kg) were distributed into two groups: PG, where propofol was used for induction (10±0.5mg/kg), followed by a continuous rate infusion at 0.55±0.15mg/kg/hour, and SG, where sevoflurane was administered for induction (2.5 MAC) and for anesthetic maintenance (1.5 MAC). A fiberoptic catheter was implanted on the right superficial cerebral cortex to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP). After 30 minutes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected at the cisterna magna and iohexol was injected. The measurements were performed before CSF collection (TA), after the iohexol injection (T0), and at 10-minute intervals (T10 to T60). Intracranial pressure decreased at T0 in SG. Cerebral perfusion pressure at T0 was higher than at TA, T50 and T60 in PG, but in SG, the mean value at T0 was higher than the ones from T20 to T60. Mean arterial pressure at T0 was higher than at TA in PG, while in SG, the values from T20 to T60 were lower than at T0. The heart rate at T60 was lower than at T0 in PG. Cardiac output at TA was lower than at T60 in SG. The cerebrospinal fluid collection and administration of iohexol promoted decrease in intracranial pressure in sevolflurane-anesthetized dogs and increase in cerebral perfusion pressure in propofol-anesthetized dogs.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da administração subaracnóidea de iohexol sobre a hemodinâmica intracraniana em cães anestesiados com propofol ou sevofluorano. Trinta e dois animais (10,9±2,9kg) foram distribuídos em dois grupos: no GP, o propofol foi usado para indução, 10±0.5mg/kg, seguido por infusão contínua, 0,55±0,15mg/kg/min; no GS, o sevofluorano foi administrado para indução, 2,5 CAM, e manutenção, 1,5 CAM, da anestesia. O cateter de fibra óptica foi implantado na superfície direita do córtex cerebral para monitorar a pressão intracraniana (PIC). Após 30 minutos, o fluido cerebroespinhal (FCS) foi coletado da cisterna magna e o iohexol injetado. As mensurações ocorreram antes da coleta do FCS (TA), depois da injeção de iohexol (T0) e em intervalos de 10 minutos (T10 a T60). A pressão intracraniana diminuiu em T0 no GS. A pressão de perfusão cerebral em T0 foi maior que em TA, T50 e T60 no GP, mas no GS, a média em T0 foi maior que as de T20 a T60. A pressão arterial média em T0 foi maior que em TA no GP, enquanto no GS, de T20 a T60, as médias foram menores que em T0. A frequência cardíaca em T60 foi menor que em T0 no GP. O débito cardíaco em TA foi menor que em T60 no GS. A coleta do fluido cerebroespinhal e a administração do iohexol promoveram a diminuição da pressão intracranina em cães anestesiados com sevofluorano e aumento da pressão de perfusão cerebral em cães anestesiados com propofol.

Perfil de metilación de genes supresores de tumores como factor pronóstico en pacientes con leucemia mieloide aguda / Promoter methylation profile in tumor suppressor genes as prognosis factor in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Existe creciente evidencia que apoya la presencia de un perfil de metilación específico para Leucemia Mieloide Aguda (LMA). La metilación de los islotes CpG en las regiones promotoras de los genes supresores de tumores es un importante mecanismo de control epigenético y participa en el silenciamiento transcripcional. Esto puede contribuir a un nuevo entendimiento de la biología de la enfermedad y vislumbrar nuevas oportunidades terapéuticas. Identificar el perfil de metilación de las áreas promotoras de un grupo de genes supresores de tumores; (p15, p16, ESR1, IGSF4, SOCS1, RARB y DAPK), y relacionar el estatus de metilación gen especifica o combinada con diferentes parámetros clínico patológicos. Se utilizaron muestras de sangre o médula ósea obtenidas al momento del diagnóstico de 33 pacientes con LMA, infantil y del adulto, recolectadas entre los años 1997 y 2008 en el Hospital Hernán Henríquez de Temuco. Se evaluó la presencia de hipermetilación mediante una Reacción de Polimerasa en Cadena Metilación Específica (MSP), previa modificación con bisulfito de sodio. La frecuencia de metilación de los pacientes estudiados fue de 88 por ciento, 27 por ciento, 27 por ciento, 21 por ciento, 15 por ciento, 3 por ciento y 0 por ciento para ESR1, RARb, IGSF4, p15, SOCS1, DAPK, y P16, respectivamente. La hipermetilación de P15 y RARb presentó una asociación significativa para una menor supervivencia en forma individual (p=0,03 y p=0,02), y combinada (p=0,002). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre metilación y los otros parámetros clínicos analizados. Los pacientes con LMA presentan hipermetilación de la región promotora en algunos genes supresores de tumores, afectando negativamente la supervivencia. Esto pudiese eventualmente contribuir al establecimiento de un patrón de metilación determinado con utilidad clínica.

There is growing evidence than acute myeloid leukemia presents a specific methylation profile. The Methylation of CpG islands within gene promoters is a major epigenetic transcriptional control mechanism and plays a critical role in the transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes. This provides new insights into the biology of the disease and it may offer novel therapeutic opportunities. To identify the promoter methylation profile of tumor suppressor genes (p15, p16, ESR1, IGSF4, SOCS1, RARB y DAPK), and to relate the percentage of methylation with clinicopathological features, as age, gender, white cell count, disease classification and survival rates. Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples were collected at diagnosis from 33 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, infants and adult, between 1997 and 2008 from Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital, Temuco, Chile. Methylation in the promoter areas of each tumor suppressor gene was analyzed using the mehylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) technique using sodium bisulfite modification. The frequency of hypermethylation among the patient samples was 88 percent, 27 percent, 27 percent, 21 percent, 15 percent, 3 percent and 0 percent for ESR1, RARb, IGSF4, p15, SOCS1, DAPK, and P16 for each one. Methylation was significantly associated with an inferior overall survival (p=0.03 and p=0.02). When both genes are used, inferior survival is even more significant (p=0.002). There is no significant correlation between methylation and clinicopathological features.Patients with AML have hipermetilation at the promoter region of some tumor supressor genes, with a negative effect in the overall survival. This could eventually become part of establishing a characteristical methilation pattern with clinical utility.

ACTIVIDAD TIPO ANTI-AUSENCIA DEL EXTRACTO METANÓLICO DE Cecropia membranacea Trécul EN RATONES / KIND OF ACTIVITY ANTIABSENCE IN MICE PRODUCED BY THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM Cecropia Membranacea Trécul

En este artículo se describe el efecto anticonvulsivante del extracto obtenido de Cecropia membranacea Trécul (Urticaceae, N.V: “yarumo”), especie utilizada en Colombia con fines tranquilizantes. El extracto metanólico (0.5 g/kg v.o.), administrado a ratones albinos ICR, ejerce actividad anticonvulsivante (73% de protección) frente a las convulsiones mioclónicas inducidas por pentilentetrazol (PTZ), modelo químico de las crisis de ausencia. También confiere protección significativa frente a las convulsiones inducidas por electroshock (80% de protección), modelo de las crisis tónicas clónicas generalizadas; y ejerce efectos positivos en el parámetro de frecuencia de la prueba de laberinto en cruz elevado, modelo de trastornos de ansiedad (p<0.05). En contraste, carece de efectos significativos en las pruebas de sueño barbitúrico y de nado forzado, sugiriendo ausencia de efectos de tipo hipnótico y antidepresivo. En el análisis fitoquímico se detecta la presencia de taninos, terpenoides y flavonoides. El estudio sugiere que la especie C. membranacea podría ser fuente de sustancias con propiedades anticonvulsivantes y ansiolíticas.

The methanolic extract obtained from Cecropia membranacea Trécul (0,5 g/kg v.o.) administered to mice albinos ICR, elicits antiseizure activity (73% of protection) in mice exposed to pentilentetrazol (PTZ, 80 mg/kg, sc.), chemical model of absence crisis. Additionally, the extract conferred significant protection against the maximal electroshock seizure, model of tonic clonic seizures and the parameter of frequency in the elevated plus maze test, screening model of anxiety. On the other hand, the extract lacked effect on the pentobarbitone induced sleep test and in the forced swimming test, screening model for antidepressants. Phytochemical preliminary analysis showed presence of tannin, terpenoid and flavonoid metabolites. This study suggests that C. membranacea could be source of substances with anticonvulsant and anxiolitic properties.

Etiología de la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica en un hospital clínico: Asociación con co-morbilidad, uso previo de antimicrobianos y mortalidad / Etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a university hospital: Association with comorbidity, previous use of antibiotics and mortality

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a complication with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Inadequate antibiotic treatment is a risk factor of mortality which can be improved. For this reason it is important to know the local etiology of VAP. During a one year-period we investigated the etiology of VAP in a teaching hospital. Forty eight VAP were included, of which 19 were women. The median age was 59.5 (range 17-91 years), twelve VAP were early onset. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the main microorganism isolated, regardless of timing of diagnosis of VAP, followed by polimicrobial etiology, Acinetobacter sp and P. aeruginosa. Etiology was not associated with comorbidity; however previous antibiotic use was related with MRSA and polymicrobial etiology. Mortality was 35 percent and was mainly associated with P. aeruginosa isolation. Conclusion: MRSA was the main cause of VAP regardless of the timing of its occurrence.

La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) es una complicación relacionada con un aumento de morbilidad y mortalidad. Dentro de los factores de mal pronóstico, el tratamiento antimicrobiano inadecuado es una de las variables que puede corregirse. Para esto debe conocerse la etiología institucional de la NAVM. Durante un año se recopilaron las NAVM con documentación microbiológica en un hospital universitario. En total, 48 neumonías fueron incluidas, 19 en pacientes femeninas, la mediana de la edad fue de 59,5 años (rango 17-91), 12 de ellas precoces. Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistente (MRSA) fue el principal agente involucrado, independiente del momento de su génesis, seguido por la etiología polimicrobiana, Acinetobacter sp y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, en ese orden. La etiología no se asoció con la existencia de co-morbilidad, el uso previo de antimicrobianos se asoció con la presencia de MRSA y etiología polimicrobiana. La letalidad fue de 35 por ciento y se relacionó, principalmente, con la presencia de P. aeruginosa. Conclusión: La principal causa de NAVM en esta experiencia fue SAMR, independiente del momento evolutivo de su ocurrencia.

Papel del sistema inmune en el desarrollo de las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales / Role of the immune system in inflammatory bowel diseases development

Las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales (EII), entre las que se incluyen a la enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y colitis ulcerosa (CU), son patologías de etiología multifactorial, en las cuales se ha demostrado en los últimos años que el componente genético tiene un papel relevante. La incidencia de estas patologías ha ido en aumento en los países desarrollados y también en Chile. A pesar de los avances en su estudio, la etiología de las EII no está totalmente esclarecida, aunque es posible reconocer factores genéticos, inmunológicos y ambientales en su patogénesis. Entre los posibles mecanismos propuestos la respuesta alterada a antígenos bacterianos cumpliría un papel relevante en un subgrupo de pacientes con EC quienes presentan alguna mutación en los receptores que reconocen patógenos. Esta revisión analiza avances recientes en el conocimiento de las EII y destaca los hallazgos relacionados con alteraciones en los componentes del sistema inmune gastrointestinal y su posible relación con la patogenia de las EII. Un análisis detallado de la interrelación entre los diferentes integrantes del sistema inmune de la mucosa intestinal, tales como las células dendríticas, epiteliales, de Paneth y los linfocitos T y su actividad defectuosa podría brindar nuevas herramientas para el diseño de estrategias experimentales y terapéuticas de las EII.

Volumen sanguíneo intratorácico versus presión arterial de oclusión pulmonar como estimadores de precarga cardíaca en pacientes críticos / Intrathoracic blood volume versus pulmonary artery occlusion pressure as estimators of cardiac preload in critically ill patients

Background:Monitoring of cardiac preload by determination of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) has been traditionally used to guide fluid therapy to optimize cardiac output (CO). Since factors such as intrathoracic pressure and ventricular compliance may modify PAOP, volumetric estimators of preload have been developed. The PiCCO system is able to measure CO and intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) by transpulmonary thermodilution. Aim: To compare a volumetric (ITBV) versus a pressure (PAOP) determination to accurately estimate cardiac preload in severely ill patients. Patients and Methods: From June 2001 to October 2003, 22 mechanically ventilated patients with hemodynamic instability underwent hemodynamic monitoring with pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and PiCCO system. ITBV index (ITBVI), PAOP and CI were measured simultaneously by both methods. One hundred thirty eight deltas (D) were obtained from the difference of ITBVI, PAOP, CI-PAC and CI-PiCCO between 6-12 am and 6-12 pm. Linear regression analysis of DITBVI versus Ð CI-PiCCO and Ð PAOP versus DCI-PAC were made. Results: Mean age of patients was 60.8 ± 19.4 years. APACHE II was 23.9 ± 7. Fifteen patients met criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Delta ITBVI significantly correlated with DCI-PiCCO (r=0.54; 95% confidence interval = 0.41-0.65; p <0.01). There was no correlation between DPAOP and Ð CI-PAC. Conclusion: ITBVI correlated better with CI than PAOP, and therefore it seems to be a more accurate estimator of preload in unstable, mechanically ventilated patients.

Estrés oxidativo y sepsis / Oxidative stress and sepsis

El Shock Séptico es una importante causa de morbi-mortalidad en pacientes críticos que podría ser explicado, al menos en parte, por una desregulación de la respuesta inmuno-inflamatoria. La liberación de componentes microbianos produciría un desbalance con predominio de agentes prooxidantes como las especies reactivas de oxigeno (EROS), sobre las defensas antioxidantes. Las EROS dañan directamente los tejidos al atacar las biomoléculas e indirectamente actuando como mediadores pro inflamatorios. Estudios efectuados en pacientes críticos que cursan con sepsis, han demostrado disminución de lasdefensas antioxidantes. Esto compete a mecanismos enzimáticos y no enzimáticos entre los que han sido estudiados: actividad de enzimas antioxidantes, niveles plasmáticos de vitaminas antioxidantes y capacidad antioxidante del plasma, parámetros que también han sido correlacionados con elpronóstico de sobrevida de estos pacientes. Además, se ha evidenciado un incremento de los niveles plasmáticos de productos de lipoperoxidación, lo que representa aumento del daño oxidativo en las membranas celulares. Los parámetros relacionados con el estrés oxidativo podrían ser, potencialmente, marcadores útiles, y los agentes antioxidantes podrían ser considerados como una nueva oportunidad terapéutica en el manejo médico de estos pacientes.

Septic Shock is an important cause of morbility and mortality in critically ill patients that might be explained, at least partly, by a dysregulation of immune/inflammatory response. The liberation of microbial components could lead to the development of animbalance between pro-oxidant agents as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidants systems, with a prevalence of the first. ROS are known to exert tissue damage by direct attack to biomolecules as well as to act as proinflammatory mediators. Studies performed in critical patients that presented sepsis, have demonstrated a decrease in antioxidants defences in these patients. This effect is characterized by an alteration in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, as well as a drop in plasma levels ofantioxidant vitamins associated with a decrease of antioxidant capacity of plasma, parameters that have also been related to the prognosis of these patients. In addition, increased plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products have been found, which represents anincrease of the tissue damage caused by oxidative stress, mainly in biological membranes. The oxidative stress related parameters could be potentially used as markers and antioxidant agents couldbe considered as new therapeutic opportunities in the medicalmanagement of these patients.

Avaliação da acurácia do novo monitor oscilométrico em relação ao método direto de pressão em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

Nuevas armas inmunológicas para la medicina del siglo XXI: Terapia biológica basada en el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales de última generación / New immunological weapons for Medicine at XXI century: biological therapy based on the use of last generation monoclonal antibodies

The fusion of a murine B cell and a myeloma cell generates a hybridoma that produces monoclonal antibody (mAb). These murine mAb induce the HAMA (human anti-mouse antibodies) response. Murine mAb have been modified by genetic engineering, producing molecules with a higher proportion of human protein. At present, chimeric, humanized and fully human mAb are available. mAb block interactions between target molecules and their ligands or trigger the lyses of mAb-coated tumor cells. Numerous mAb have been developed using the recombinant DNA technology and several are available in the market. Trastuzumab, against HER2/neu, is useful in breast cancer; rituximab, against CD20 in B lymphocytes is useful in lymphoma; alemtuzumab, against CD52 is used in lymphoma and leukemia; daclizumab and basiliximab block the IL-2 receptor interaction and reduce acute rejection in kidney transplantion; abciximab, an antagonist of GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor, is used in patients undergoing acute coronary syndromes. In autoimmunity diseases, blocking tumor necrosis factor by infliximab and adalimumab has demonstrated excellent results. Thus, infliximab is useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis while adalimumab is the first fully human mAb available for RA. Infliximab and adalimumab reduce signs and symptoms in RA and they also interfere with progression of joint damage. Finally, the direct benefits of antagonist treatment can occur at the expense of a major adverse effect in some other biological function (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 1445-53).

Estudo retrospectivo das principais complicações durante a anestesia geral inalatória em cães

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

Hepatitis colestásica por piroxicam: caso clínico / Cholestatic hepatitis associated to piroxicam use: report of one case

Most nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can produce hepatotoxicity. We report a 22 years old female who presented with an acute cholestatic hepatitis after a prolonged period of piroxicam use. Hepatitis was attributed to this drug since all markers for hepatitis virus (A, B, C, E, Epstein Barr, Cytomegalovirus and Herpex Simplex) were negative, autoimmune markers were negative, serum iron and ceruloplasmin were normal, there was a temporal relationship between the administration of piroxicam and the hepatitis, the histological picture was compatible with this etiology and the patient had a favorable evolution after the discontinuance of the drug. This type of hepatotoxicity is not common but it must be born in mind when patients must receive nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for prolonged periods

Actividad anticonvulsivante del extracto de Apium graveolens L. en ratones / Anticonvulsant activity of Apium graveolens in mice

La actividad anticonvulsivante del extracto de Apium graveolens se evaluó en tres modelos de convulsión inducidos en ratones: electroshock, pentilentetrazoly ácido kaínico. Se efectuó el análisis fitoquímico preliminar de la planta y su toxicidad aguda. El extracto etanólico de semilla por vía oral mostró actividad anticonvulsivante en el modelo de electroshock